12P09 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

 Chapterwise Study notes

NEET past year Questions, Solutions

NCERT competency based questions 2024, Solutions

NCERT competency based questions 2023, Solutions

NCERT Exemplar Questions, Solutions

Mirror Equation 

Plotted for f = -10 cm Concave mirror

Study the six different cases.

Change the f value in the side bar slider to f = +10 cm to study Convex mirror.

Lens Equation 

Plotted for f = +10 cm Convex Lens

Study the six different cases.

Change the f value in the side bar slider to f = -10 cm to study Concave lens.

Plane Mirror oPhysics.com

Study that the object distance and image distance are same in plane mirror, also the mirror can be rotated.

Reflection, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection TIR oPhysics.com

Study refraction of rarer to denser medium, denser to rarer, when angle of incidence is more than critical angle etc.

Total Internal Reflection Demo: Optical Fibers

Fiber optic cables: How they work

Convex and Concave Mirrors, oPhysics.com

Adjust the primary focus of Concave mirror, location of object, height of the object to get the image. Primary focus point moved to other side will get Convex mirror. 

Study six different cases of Concave mirror with object at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, between F and pole of the mirror.

Study two different cases of Convex mirror, Case 1: Convex mirror with object at infinity, Case 2: All other cases with object kept between infinity and the Convex mirror. 

Convex and Concave Lens, oPhysics.com

Adjust the primary focus of Convex lens, location of object, height of the object to get the image. Primary focus point moved to other side will get Concave lens.

Study six different cases of Convex lens with object at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, between F and optic center of the lens.

Study two different cases of Concave lens, Case 1: Concave lens with object at infinity, Case 2: All other cases with object kept between infinity and the Concave lens. 

Multiple Lens combination, Sciencedemos.org.uk 

Play around with multiple lenses to see the image formation, 

real and virtual. Learn the concept of virtual object "VO". The virtual image of the first lens act as the virtual object for the second lens.

As we change the incident angle, observe the refraction angle and emergent angle. Observe the deviation of the incident ray vs. the emergent ray. When does minimum deviation happen?

Dispersion through Prism oPhysics.com

Study which colour bends more and which colour bends less and so understand which colour has more refractive index and which colour has less refractive index.

Lens Maker's Formula, Spherical Aberration, 

Lens immersed in a liquid, oPhysics.com

Adjust the radius of curvature to see how to make thin lens vs. thick lens. 

Also find out by doing some trials why they say Lens Maker's formula is used only for thin lens and not for thick lens. What is Spherical aberration?

Also how can a Convex lens made to behave like a Concave lens? 

Lens Chromatic Aberration, oPhysics.com

What is Chromatic Aberration?

2D Image Formation by Lens oPhysics.com

For Numerical problem solving this simulation will help you to get the visualization. Consider the object as having two points and calculate the image for those points in the principal axis.

Optical Instruments, Sciencedemos.org.uk

Simple Microscope, Compound Microscope, Image at D=25 cm, Image at Infinity

Rainbow Formation, oPhysics.com

Rainbow, a beautiful phenomenon in nature that involves refraction, dispersion, total internal reflection TIR, refraction again. Sun, water droplets suspended in air and an observer with his back to the sun and front to the water droplets are the necessary conditions for Rainbow.

Refraction and Total Internal Reflection TIR 

at Liquid to Air and Glass to Liquid interfaces, oPhysics.com

Light passing from the bottom of the tank, find out the approximate angles beyond which TIR happens for liquid to air interface beta and the glass to liquid interface alpha, 

Why does the yellow dot in the bottom of the tank change in size, 

Which of the two yellow dots in the bottom of the tank disappear? Why?

(alpha=60 deg, beta = 48.5 deg Check your answers with your own calculations by calculating the critical angle to refractive index formula, note that refractive index for glass to liquid and liquid to air can be calculated using the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r angles and snell's law)

Ray Optics Trial Board, PhyDemo.app

Silvered Convex Lens Trials, Double Displacement Verification etc.